Subsurface voids pose significant risks to geotechnical design. Accurately locating these voids is essential for ensuring the soundness of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole examination, can be expensive and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground penetrating radar, off

Geotechnical exploration techniques are vital for characterizing cavities and voids within the subsurface. These voids can significantly affect the stability of foundations, infrastructure, and slope. A variety of non-invasive exploration methods are employed to identify cavities and voids. These include drilling, geophysical techniques such as ele

Geophysical exploration employs a crucial role in the identification and assessment of potential mineral orebodies. By employing various physical methods, geologists can survey beneath the Earth's surface to identify subsurface structures and anomalies indicative of mineral concentration. These geophysical techniques often involve the measurement